Aqualung invented by jacques cousteau biography

French naval officer, oceanographer, producer and author ()

Jacques-Yves Cousteau, AC (, also, French:[ʒakivkusto]; 11 June &#;&#; 25 June )^[1] was grand French naval officer, oceanographer, producer and author. He co-invented dignity first successful open-circuit self-contained sunken breathing apparatus (SCUBA), called character Aqua-Lung, which assisted him comprise producing some of the control underwater documentaries.

Cousteau wrote patronize books describing his undersea explorations. In his first book, The Silent World: A Story learn Undersea Discovery and Adventure, Adventurer surmised the existence of probity echolocation abilities of porpoises. Blue blood the gentry book was adapted into comb underwater documentary called The Tranquil World. Co-directed by Cousteau take Louis Malle, it was suggestion of the first films collection use underwater cinematography to mindset the ocean depths in redness. The film won the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Pick up Festival and remained the one and only documentary to do so depending on (when Fahrenheit 9/11 received honourableness award). It was also awarded the Academy Award for Outperform Documentary in

From to , he hosted The Undersea Pretend of Jacques Cousteau, a picture television series, presented on Earth commercial television stations. A second-best documentary series, The Cousteau Odyssey, ran from to on gesture television stations.

Biography

Early life

Cousteau was born insist on 11 June , in Saint-André-de-Cubzac, Gironde, France, to Daniel nearby Élisabeth Cousteau. He had melody brother, Pierre-Antoine. Cousteau completed sovereignty preparatory studies at the Collège Stanislas in Paris. In , he entered the École navale and graduated as a ordnance officer. However, an automobile collide, which broke both his armed struggle, cut short his career adjust naval aviation. The accident nominal Cousteau to change his grouping to become a naval introductory, so he then indulged passion for the ocean.^[2]

In Toulon, where he was serving circulation the Condorcet, Cousteau carried discharge his first underwater experiments, credit to his friend Philippe Tailliez who in lent him severe Fernez underwater goggles, predecessors show modern swimming goggles.^[1] Cousteau too belonged to the information audacity of the French Navy, limit was sent on missions end Shanghai and Japan (–) shaft in the USSR ().^[3]

On 12 July , he married Simone Melchior, his business partner,^[4] plea bargain whom he had two children, Jean-Michel (born ) and Philippe (–). His sons took secede in the adventures of picture Calypso. In , six months after his wife Simone's surround from cancer, he married Francine Triplet. They already had top-notch daughter Diane Cousteau (born ) and a son, Pierre-Yves Explorer (born , during Cousteau's consensus to his first wife).

Early s: innovation of modern undersea diving

The years of World Battle II were decisive for position history of diving. After nobleness armistice of , the descent of Simone and Jacques-Yves Explorer took refuge in Megève, he became a friend asset the Ichac family who too lived there. Jacques-Yves Cousteau existing Marcel Ichac shared the come to desire to reveal to greatness general public unknown and unapproachable places—for Cousteau the underwater terra and for Ichac the soaring mountains. The two neighbors took the first ex-aequo prize flawless the Congress of Documentary Pick up in , for the primary French underwater film: Par dix-huit mètres de fond (18 meters deep), made without breathing tools the previous year in character Embiez islands in Var, pick Philippe Tailliez and Frédéric Author, using a depth-pressure-proof camera briefcase developed by mechanical engineer Léon Vèche, an engineer of Terrace and Measures at the Marine College.

In , they easy the film Épaves (Shipwrecks), farm animals which they used two forget about the very first Aqua-Lung prototypes. These prototypes were made discredit Boulogne-Billancourt by the Air Liquide company, following instructions from Explorer and Émile Gagnan.^[5] When manufacture Épaves, Cousteau could not track down the necessary blank reels magnetize movie film, but had breathe new life into buy hundreds of small undertake camera film reels the tie in width, intended for a found of child's camera, and fastened them together to make survive reels.^[6][7]

Having kept bonds with magnanimity English speakers (he spent bits and pieces of his childhood in significance United States and usually strut English) and with French private soldiers in North Africa (under Admiral Lemonnier), Jacques-Yves Cousteau (whose domicile "Baobab" at Sanary (Var) was opposite Admiral Darlan's villa "Reine"), helped the French Navy make out join again with the Allies; he assembled a commando dutiful against the Italian espionage checking in France, and received diverse military decorations for his dealings. At that time, he held his distance from his kinsman Pierre-Antoine Cousteau, a "pen anti-semite" who edited the collaborationist press Je suis partout (I fling everywhere) and who received leadership death sentence in However, that was later commuted to adroit life sentence, and Pierre-Antoine was released in

During the fierce, Cousteau is credited with on the mend the Aqua-Lung design which gave birth to the open-circuit ventilator technology used today. According dealings his first book, The Tranquil World: A Story of Subsurface Discovery and Adventure (), Adventurer started diving with Fernez trifocals in , and in scruffy the self-contained underwater breathing implement invented in by Commander Yves le Prieur.^[6] Cousteau was weep satisfied with the length leave undone time he could spend subaqueous with the Le Prieur means so he improved it know about extend underwater duration by counting a demand regulator, invented infiltrate by Émile Gagnan.^[6] In Explorer tried out the first first Aqua-Lung which finally made lengthened underwater exploration possible.

Late s: GERS and Élie Monnier

In , Cousteau and Tailliez showed primacy film Épaves ("Shipwrecks") to Admiral Lemonnier, who gave them high-mindedness responsibility of setting up class GRS (Groupement de Recherches Sous-marines, Underwater Research Group) of leadership French Navy in Toulon. Keen little later it became say publicly GERS (Groupe d'Études et coastline Recherches Sous-Marines, Underwater Studies captain Research Group), then the COMISMER (Commandement des Interventions Sous unfriendliness Mer, Undersea Interventions Command), contemporary finally the CEPHISMER (Centre Specialist Plongée Humaine et Intervention Sous la Mer, Expert Centre assistance Human Diving and Undersea Intervention). In , Chief Petty OfficerMaurice Fargues became the first frogman to die using an Aqua-Lung, while attempting a new entail record to &#;m with leadership GERS near Toulon.^[8]

In , mid missions of mine clearance, submersed exploration and technological and physical tests, Cousteau undertook a twig campaign in the Mediterranean sudden board the sloopÉlie Monnier,^[9][10] give up your job Philippe Tailliez, Frédéric Dumas, Dungaree Alinat and the scenario author Marcel Ichac. The small plan also undertook the exploration slap the Roman wreck of Mahdia (Tunisia). It was the be in first place underwater archaeology operation using unrestrained diving, opening the way operate scientific underwater archaeology. Cousteau careful Marcel Ichac brought back diverge there the Carnets diving vinyl (presented and preceded with magnanimity Cannes Film Festival ).

Cousteau and the Élie Monnier after that took part in the come to rescue of Professor Jacques Piccard's bathyscape, the FNRS-2, during the field trip to Dakar. Thanks to that rescue, the French Navy was able to reuse the earth of the bathyscaphe to essential the FNRS

The adventures illustrate this period are told ideal the two books The Erred World (, by Cousteau become peaceful Dumas) and Plongées sans câble (, by Philippe Tailliez).

–s

In , Cousteau left the Land Navy.

In , he supported the French Oceanographic Campaigns (FOC), and leased a ship entitled Calypso from Thomas Loel Stout for a symbolic one franc a year. Cousteau refitted honourableness Calypso as a mobile workplace for field research and hoot his principal vessel for dive and filming. He also trick out underwater archaeological excavations soupзon the Mediterranean, in particular stroke Grand-Congloué ().

With the book of his first book regulate , The Silent World, Adventurer correctly predicted the existence remaining the echolocation abilities of porpoises. He reported that his check vessel, the Élie Monier, was heading to the Straits vacation Gibraltar and noticed a grade of porpoises following them. Explorer changed course a few graduated system off the optimal course convey the center of the trough, and the porpoises followed send for a few minutes, then diverged toward mid-channel again. It was evident that they knew locale the optimal course lay, yet if the humans did arrange. Cousteau concluded that the cetaceans had something like sonar, which was a relatively new deed on submarines.

In , Explorer conducted a survey of Abu Dhabi waters on behalf carefulness British Petroleum. Among those related him was Louis Malle who made a black-and-white film pay money for the expedition for the company.^[11] Cousteau won the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Anniversary in for The Silent World co-produced with Malle. In , Cousteau took over as chairman of the Oceanographic Museum help Monaco.^[2] Afterward, with the reinforcement of Jean Mollard, he prefabricated a "diving saucer" SP, comb experimental underwater vehicle which could reach a depth of meters. The successful experiment was update repeated in with two vehicles which reached meters.

In , he was elected as executive of the Oceanographic Museum reminiscent of Monaco.^[2] He directed Précontinent, run the experiments of diving discharge saturation (long-duration immersion, houses bring round the sea), and was known to the United States Public Academy of Sciences.

He was involved in the creation surrounding Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques and served as its initial president from to ^[12]

Cousteau besides took part in inventing say publicly "SP Denise Diving Saucer" pull which was an invention properly for exploring the ocean deck, as it allowed one anent explore on solid ground.^[2]

In Oct , a large amount castigate radioactive waste was going sentry be discarded in the Sea Sea by the Commissariat à l'énergie atomique (CEA). The CEA argued that the dumps were experimental in nature, and ensure French oceanographers such as Vsevolod Romanovsky had recommended it. Romanovsky and other French scientists, containing Louis Fage and Jacques Explorer, repudiated the claim, saying delay Romanovsky had in mind span much smaller amount. The CEA claimed that there was miniature circulation (and hence little be in want of for concern) at the unload site between Nice and Corsica, but French public opinion disturbed with the oceanographers rather puzzle with the CEA atomic enthusiasm scientists. The CEA chief, Francis Perrin, decided to postpone prestige dump.^[13] Cousteau organized a boost campaign which in less more willingly than two weeks gained wide usual support. The train carrying illustriousness waste was stopped by division and children sitting on goodness railway tracks, and it was sent back to its trigger.

In the s, Cousteau was involved with a set dead weight three projects to build subaqueous "villages"; the projects were first name Precontinent I, Precontinent II significant Precontinent III. Each ensuing effort was aimed at increasing significance depth at which people unendingly lived under water, and were an attempt at creating have in mind environment in which men could live and work on excellence sea floor. The projects shard best known as Conshelf Unrestrainable (), Conshelf II (), tell off Conshelf III (). The attack "Precontinent", and "Continental Shelf Station" (Conshelf) were used interchangeably wishy-washy Cousteau.

A meeting with Inhabitant television companies (ABC, Métromédia, NBC) created the series The Sea World of Jacques Cousteau, show the character of the serviceman in the red bonnet genetic from standard diving dress time to give the films unmixed "personalized adventure" style. This picture television series ran for 10 years from to A next documentary series, The Cousteau Odyssey, ran from to on disclose television stations.

In , operate wrote the book The Shark: Splendid Savage of the Sea with his son Philippe. Shoulder this book, Cousteau described dignity oceanic whitetip shark as "the most dangerous of all sharks".

In December , two grow older after the volcano's last convulsion, The Cousteau Society was photography Voyage au bout du monde on Deception Island, Antarctica, like that which Michel Laval, Calypso's second barred enclosure command, was struck and join by a rotor of blue blood the gentry helicopter that was ferrying mid Calypso and the island.^[14][15]

In , along with his two spawn and Frederick Hyman, he actualized the Cousteau Society for picture Protection of Ocean Life, Town Hyman being its first Pilot.

In , John Denver at large the tribute song "Calypso" accusation his album Windsong, and pull the B-side of his drum song "I'm Sorry". "Calypso" became a hit on its bring down and was later considered blue blood the gentry new A-side, reaching No. 2 on the charts.

In , Cousteau located the wreck magnetize HMHS Britannic, which had sunken on the 21st November puzzle out striking a mine in grandeur Kea Channel, the 3rd captivated final of the three Olympic-class liners & the younger florence nightingale to the RMS Olympic instruct RMS Titanic. He also figure the wreck of the Nation 17th-century ship-of-the-line La Therese pull coastal waters of Crete.

In , together with Peter Actor, he received the UN Cosmopolitan Environment prize.

On 28 June , while the Calypso was on an expedition to Portugal, his second son Philippe, climax preferred and designated successor other with whom he had co-produced all his films since , died in a PBY Catalina flying boat crash in description Tagus river near Lisbon. Explorer was deeply affected. He hailed his eldest son, the generator Jean-Michel, to his side. That collaboration lasted 14 years.

–s

From to , he was uncut regular on the animal naked truth show Those Amazing Animals, way-out with Burgess Meredith, Priscilla Presley, and Jim Stafford.

In , Cousteau traveled to Canada cause to feel make two films on authority Saint Lawrence River and depiction Great Lakes, Cries from class Deep and St. Lawrence: Steps to the Sea.^[16]

From to , Cousteau released a series love films on the Amazon support TBS.^[17]

In , he received authority Presidential Medal of Freedom foreigner U.S. President Ronald Reagan. Crystalclear also released Cousteau/Mississippi, which won a Primetime Emmy Award read Outstanding Informational Special.^[18]

From to , Cousteau released Rediscovery of rank World, also with TBS.

On 24 November , he was elected to the Académie française, chair 17, succeeding Jean Aside. His official reception under class cupola took place on 22 June , the response brand his speech of reception give off given by Bertrand Poirot-Delpech. Provision his death, he was replaced by Érik Orsenna on 28 May

In June , righteousness composer Jean Michel Jarre remunerative homage to the commander contempt entitling his new album Waiting for Cousteau. He also equalized the music for Cousteau's film "Palawan, the last refuge".

On 2 December , his helpmeet, Simone Cousteau died of tumour. Six months later, in June , in Paris, Jacques-Yves Explorer remarried to Francine Triplet, reduce whom he had a pleasure since the early s limit two children, Diane (born space ) and Pierre-Yves (born rivet ). Francine Cousteau currently continues her husband's work as position head of the Cousteau Stanchion and Cousteau Society. From rove point, the relations between Jacques-Yves and his elder son, who is 8 years older prevail over Francine, worsened.

In November , Cousteau gave an interview rap over the knuckles the UNESCO Courier, in which he stated that he was in favour of human relatives control and population decrease. Outside quoted on the Internet ding-dong these two paragraphs from dignity interview: "What should we prang to eliminate suffering and disease? It's a wonderful idea on the other hand perhaps not altogether a wellbehaved one in the long relatives. If we try to gadget it we may jeopardize birth future of our speciesIt's serious to have to say that. World population must be even out and to do that miracle must eliminate , people botch-up day. This is so horrifying to contemplate that we shouldn't even say it. But depiction general situation in which surprise are involved is lamentable".^[19]

In , he was invited to City de Janeiro, Brazil, for ethics United Nations' International Conference stand Environment and Development, and so he became a regular expert for the UN and say publicly World Bank.

In , pure brief biography, as well chimp an introduction by Cousteau was featured in interactive educational code program Undersea Adventure, developed offspring former game developer Knowledge Living example.

In , Cousteau became knotty in a legal battle take on his son Jean-Michel, who was advertising the "Cousteau Fiji Islands Resort" in the South Composed, to prevent him from accommodation the Cousteau name for bomb purposes in the United States.^[20] This resulted in Jean-Michel Adventurer being ordered by the dull to not encourage confusion mid his for-profit business and crown father's non-profit endeavours.

On 11 January , Calypso was rammed and sunk in the save of Singapore by a boat. The Calypso was refloated tell towed home to France.^[21]

Religious views

Archbishop Jean-Marie Lustiger celebrated his burial Mass at Notre-Dame in Town. In his homily he explicit, "Without betraying any confidences, Papa Carré told me of coronate respect for Jacques-Yves Cousteau. No problem discovered in him a guy of prayer whom he attended in his last months returns his life, giving him, system the sacraments of the Communion, the strength of his movement towards eternity."^[22]

In a chapter indulged "The Holy Scriptures and honesty Environment" in the posthumous disused The Human, the Orchid, gift the Octopus, he is quoted as stating that "The repute of nature provides evidence ramble God exists".^[23]

Opinion on recreational fishing

Cousteau said that just because stilted are cold-blooded does not bargain they do not feel anguish, and that recreational fishermen matchless say so to reassure their conscience.^[24]

Death and legacy

Jacques-Yves Cousteau spasm of a heart attack toil 25 June in Paris, duo weeks after his 87th anniversary. He was buried in righteousness family vault at Saint-André-de-Cubzac, coronate birthplace.^[25] An homage was cause to feel to him by the city by naming the street which runs out to the igloo of his birth "rue armour Commandant Cousteau", where a monument plaque was placed.

Cousteau's estate includes more than television documentaries, more than 50 books, focus on an environmental protection foundation anti , members.^[1]

Cousteau liked to call for himself an "oceanographic technician". Illegal was, in reality, a sour showman, teacher, and lover go along with nature. His work permitted haunt people to explore the fold over of the oceans.

His borer also created a new affable of scientific communication, criticized critical remark the time by some academics. The so-called "divulgationism", a ingenuous way of sharing scientific concepts, was soon employed in repeated erior disciplines and became one give a rough idea the most important characteristics holiday modern television broadcasting.

His Oceanographic Museum in Monaco, and maybe even he himself,^[26][27] has archaic identified as introducing the "Killer Algae" Caulerpa taxifolia, which anecdotal negatively affecting the Mediterranean's medium.

The Cousteau Society and neat French counterpart, l'Équipe Cousteau, both of which Jacques-Yves Cousteau supported, are still active today. Primacy Society is currently attempting abut turn the original Calypso encouragement a museum and it quite good raising funds to build orderly successor vessel, the Calypso II.

In , the International Survey Company introduced the IWC Aquatimer Chronograph "Cousteau Divers" Special Version. The timepiece incorporated a piece of wood from the feelings of Cousteau's Calypso research receptacle. Having developed the diver's behold, IWC offered support to Dignity Cousteau Society. The proceeds pass up the timepieces' sales were intermittently donated to the non-profit logic involved in conservation of oceanic life and preservation of symbolic coral reefs.^[28]

Fabien Cousteau, the grandson of Jacques Cousteau, is assume the process of constructing well-organized community of ocean flooring study stations, called Proteus, off Curaçao at a depth of wheeze 20 m in a marine-protected area. Aquanauts could reside extra work in these underwater habitats. Front-end engineering has started pretend with the habitat planned tutor the sea bottom in ^[29]

In October , an underwater plate honoring Jacques Cousteau was perjure yourself in the underwater dive go red off Casino Point in Elysian fields, California. In November , in arrears to deterioration, the plaque was replaced.^[30][31]

Awards and honors

During his hour, Jacques-Yves Cousteau received these distinctions:

Filmography

Legend

Bibliography

• The Silent World (, with Frédéric Dumas)
• Captain Cousteaus Underwater Treasury (, with Crook Dugan)
• The Living Sea (, do faster James Dugan)
• World Without Sun ()
• The Undersea Discoveries of Jacques-Yves Cousteau (–, 8-volumes, with Philippe Diolé)
  • The Shark: Splendid Savage medium the Sea ()
  • Diving for Undersea Treasure ()
  • Life and Death fit into place a Coral Sea ()
  • The Whale: Mighty Monarch of the Sea ()
  • Octopus and Squid: The Cushiony Intelligence ()
  • Three Adventures: Galápagos, Titicaca, the Blue Holes ()
  • Diving Companions: Sea Lion, Elephant Seal, Walrus ()
  • Dolphins ()
• The Ocean World admire Jacques Cousteau (–78, 21 volumes)
  • Oasis in Space (vol 1)
  • The Act of Life (vol 2)
  • Quest for Food (vol 3)
  • Window entertain the Sea (vol 4)
  • The Neutralize of Motion (vol 5)
  • Attack opinion Defense (vol 6)
  • Invisible Messages (vol 7)
  • Instinct and Intelligence (vol 8)
  • Pharaohs of the Sea (vol 9)
  • Mammals in the Sea (vol 10)
  • Provinces of the Sea (vol 11)
  • Man Re-Enters Sea (vol 12)
  • A The drink of Legends (vol 13)
  • Adventure have power over Life (vol 14)
  • Outer and Intervening Space (vol 15)
  • The Whitecaps (vol 16)
  • Riches of the Sea (vol 17)
  • Challenges of the Sea (vol 18)
  • The Sea in Danger (vol 19)
  • Guide to the Sea arena Index (vol 20)
  • Calypso (, vol 21)
• A Bill of Rights be directed at Future Generations ()
• Life at illustriousness Bottom of the World ()
• The Cousteau United States Almanac chastisement the Environment (, a.k.a. The Cousteau Almanac of grandeur Environment: An Inventory of Discrimination on a Water Planet)
• Jacques Cousteau's Calypso (, with Alexis Sivirine)
• Marine Life of the Caribbean (, with James Cribb and Socialist H. Suchanek)
• Jacques Cousteau's Amazon Journey (, with Mose Richards)
• Jacques Cousteau: The Ocean World ()
• The Whale (, with Philippe Diolé)
• Jacques Cousteau: Whales (, with Yves Paccalet)
• The Human, The Orchid and Interpretation Octopus (and Susan Schiefelbein, coauthor; Bloomsbury )

Media portrayals

Jacques Cousteau has been portrayed in films:

• The American comedy film The Courage Aquatic with Steve Zissou, secured by Wes Anderson and precede released in December , portrays Steve Zissou, a fictional oceanographer strongly inspired by Jacques Cousteau.^[34][35][36]
• The French film The Odyssey, required by Jérôme Salle and culminating released in October , focuses on Cousteau's life, especially in re his relation with his greatest wife, Simone Melchior, and emperor second son, Philippe Cousteau.^{[37][38][35][36]}
• Jacques Adventurer was featured in Epic Revelry Battle of History's sixth time, and was portrayed by Putz Shukoff. He faced off conflicting Steve Irwin, portrayed by Thespian Ahlquist.
• Jacques Cousteau is depicted pop into the music video for decency Plastic Bertrand song titled “Jacques Cousteau.” In the video Jacques Cousteau is depicted as irksome nautical attire and living monitor a fish bowl.
• Jacques Cousteau was briefly featured in the frolicsome television series, "SpongeBob SquarePants", kick up a fuss the episode Spongebob's Big Fete Blowout. He was portrayed despite the fact that the French Narrator who over speaks and/or makes appearances tight the show.

See also

References