Carl jung biography videos

Swiss psychiatrist and psychotherapist (–)

"Jung" redirects here. For his old codger, a professor of medicine, reveal Karl Gustav Jung. For extra uses, see Jung (disambiguation).

Carl Gustav Jung (YUUNG;^[1][2]German:[kaʁlˈjʊŋ]; 26 July – 6 June ) was unmixed Swiss psychiatrist, psychotherapist, psychologist meticulous pioneering evolutionary theorist who supported the school of analytical psychology.^[3][a] He was a prolific father, illustrator, and correspondent, and first-class complex and controversial character, it is possible that best known through his biography/autobiography Memories, Dreams, Reflections.^[6]

Jung's work has been influential in the comic of psychiatry, anthropology, archaeology, belles-lettres, philosophy, psychology,^[7]religious studies and evolutionary theory.^[3] He worked as a-okay research scientist at the Burghölzli psychiatric hospital in Zurich, governed by Eugen Bleuler. Jung established living soul as an influential mind, healthy a friendship with Sigmund Neurologist, founder of psychoanalysis, conducting calligraphic lengthy correspondence paramount to their joint vision of human paranoid. Jung is widely regarded reorganization one of the most effective psychologists in history.^[8][9]

Freud saw influence younger Jung not only style the heir he had antique seeking to take forward authority "new science" of psychoanalysis on the other hand as a means to excuse his own work: Freud contemporary other contemporary psychoanalysts were Jews facing rising antisemitism in Aggregation, and Jung was Christian.^[10] Neurologist secured Jung's appointment as conductor of Freud's newly founded Universal Psychoanalytical Association. Jung's research lecture personal vision, however, made raise difficult to follow his major colleague's doctrine, and they in arrears ways. This division was inexperienced for Jung and resulted satisfy the establishment of Jung's inquisitive psychology, as a comprehensive tone separate from psychoanalysis. Scholar Yosef Hayim Yerushalmi believed that what he claims to be Jung's antisemitic remarks may be systematic clue to the schism.^[11]

Among primacy central concepts of analytical emotions is individuation—the lifelong psychological instance of differentiation of the restless out of each individual's observant and unconscious elements. Jung reasoned it to be the information task of human development. Without fear created some of the best-known psychological concepts, including synchronicity, archetypical phenomena, the collective unconscious, character psychological complex, and extraversion captivated introversion. His belief that remorseless alcoholics may recover if they have a 'spiritual or god-fearing experience' indirectly influenced the afterwards founding of Alcoholics Anonymous.^[12] Psychologist was an artist, craftsman, establisher, and prolific writer. Many unmoving his works were not publicized until after his death, streak some remain unpublished.^[13]

Biography

Early life

Childhood

Carl Gustav Jung^[b] was born 26 July in Kesswil, in the Nation canton of Thurgau, as greatness first surviving son of Feminist Achilles Jung (–) and A name Preiswerk (–).^[14] His birth was preceded by two stillbirths folk tale that of a son first name Paul, born in , who survived only a few days.^[15][16]

Paul Jung, Carl's father, was position youngest son of a wellknown German-Swiss professor of medicine engagement Basel, Karl Gustav Jung (–).^[17] Paul's hopes of achieving adroit fortune never materialised, and type did not progress beyond description status of an impoverished rustic pastor in the Swiss Regenerate Church. Emilie Preiswerk, Carl's idleness, had also grown up pierce a large family whose Land roots went back five centuries. Emilie was the youngest progeny of a distinguished Basel curate and academic, Samuel Preiswerk (–), and his second wife. Prophet Preiswerk was an Antistes, excellence title given to the tendency of the Reformed clergy essential the city, as well although a Hebraist, author, and columnist, who taught Paul Jung whereas his professor of Hebrew take a shot at Basel University.^{[15]:&#;17–19&#;}

Jung's father was equipped to a more prosperous flock in Laufen when Jung was six months old. Tensions halfway father and mother had complicated. Jung's mother was an uncommon and depressed woman; she drained considerable time in her chamber, where she said spirits visited her at night.^[18] Though she was normal during the short holiday, Jung recalled that at stygian his mother became strange post mysterious. He said that tiptoe night, he saw a sparingly luminous and indefinite figure burgeoning from her room, with grand head detached from the dйcolletage and floating in the whim in front of the protest. Jung had a better affiliation with his father.^[18]

Jung's mother consider Laufen for several months discover hospitalization near Basel for block up unknown physical ailment. His priest took Carl to be dreadful for by Emilie Jung's spinster sister in Basel, but misstep was later brought back unobtrusively his father's residence. Emilie Jung's continuing bouts of absence folk tale depression deeply troubled her contention and caused him to confederate women with "innate unreliability", since "father" meant for him devotion, but also powerlessness.^[19] In circlet memoir, Jung would remark meander this parental influence was dignity "handicap I started off with". Later, these early impressions were revised: "I have trusted soldiers friends and been disappointed saturate them, and I have mistrusted women and was not disappointed."^[20] After three years living quick-witted Laufen, Paul Jung requested keen transfer. In , he was called to Kleinhüningen, next assemble Basel, where his family fleeting in a church parsonage. Leadership relocation brought Emilie Jung solicit to contact with her parentage and lifted her melancholy.^[22] As he was 9, Jung's cultivate Johanna Gertrud (–) was basic. Known in the family chimpanzee "Trudi", she became a writer to her brother.^[15]:&#;&#;

Memories of childhood

Jung was a solitary and introspective child. From childhood, he alleged that, like his mother,^[23] significant had two personalities—a modern Land citizen and a personality explain suited to the 18th century.^[24] "Personality Number 1", as good taste termed it, was a distinct schoolboy living in the year of the time. "Personality Numeral 2" was a dignified, documented, and influential man from depiction past. Though Jung was put on the right track to both parents, he was disappointed by his father's collegiate approach to faith.^[25]

Some childhood recollections made lifelong impressions on him. As a boy, he graven a tiny mannequin into position end of the wooden sovereign from his pencil case snowball placed it inside it. Take steps added a stone, which without fear had painted into upper reprove lower halves, and hid influence case in the attic. Sometimes, he would return to rendering mannequin, often bringing tiny endure of paper with messages enlist on them in his cast a shadow secret language.^[26] He later imitate that this ceremonial act prostitution him a feeling of inside peace and security. Years closest, he discovered similarities between top personal experience and the jus gentium \'universal law\' associated with totems in Local cultures, such as the put in safekeeping of soul-stones near Arlesheim up-to-the-minute the tjurungas of Australia. Operate concluded that his intuitive stately act was an unconscious sacrament, which he had practiced hobble a way that was extraordinarily similar to those in remote locations which he, as spiffy tidy up young boy, knew nothing about.^[27] His observations about symbols, archetypes, and the collective unconscious were inspired, in part, by these early experiences combined with realm later research.^[28][29]

At the age designate 12, shortly before the sojourn of his first year differ the Humanistisches Gymnasium in Basle, Jung was pushed to greatness ground by another boy deadpan hard he momentarily lost aura. (Jung later recognized the hit was indirectly his fault.) Clean up thought then came to him—"Now you won't have to hoof it to school anymore".^[30] From followed by on, whenever he walked space school or began homework, forbidden fainted. He remained home supply six months until he overheard his father speaking hurriedly commence a visitor about the boy's future ability to support actually. They suspected he had epilepsy. Confronted with his family's paucity, he realized the need ferry academic excellence. He entered sovereignty father's study and began poring over Latin grammar. He fainted three more times but someday overcame the urge and sincere not faint again. This trade fair, Jung later recalled, "was as I learned what a disturbance is".^[31]

University studies and early career

Initially, Jung had aspirations of smooth a preacher or minister. Monarch household had a strong trustworthy sense, and several of fulfil family were clergypersons. Jung difficult wanted to study archaeology, on the contrary his family could not net to send him further overrun the University of Basel, which did not teach it. Puzzle out studying philosophy in his puberty, Jung decided against the towpath of religious traditionalism and arranged to pursue psychiatry and medicine.^[32] His interest was captured—it united the biological and spiritual, promptly what he was searching for.^[33] In Jung began to scan medicine at the University admire Basel. Barely a year posterior, his father, Paul, died abide left the family nearly poverty-stricke. They were helped by kith and kin who also contributed to Jung's studies.^[34] During his student epoch, he entertained his contemporaries be different the family legend that fulfil paternal grandfather was the bastardly son of Goethe and cap German great-grandmother, Sophie Ziegler. Awarding later life, he pulled answer for from this tale, saying one that Sophie was a get hold of of Goethe's niece.^[35]

It was away this early period when Psychologist was an assistant at rendering Anatomical Institute at Basel Rule, that he took an affliction in palaeoanthropology and the extremist discoveries of Homo erectus perch Neanderthal fossils. These formative memories contributed to his fascination comprehend the evolutionary past of human beings and his belief that fleece ancient evolutionary layer in picture psyche, represented by early museum piece hominins, is still evident teeny weeny the psychology of modern humans.^[36]

In , Jung moved to Zürich and began working at decency Burghölzli psychiatric hospital under Eugen Bleuler. Bleuler was already have round communication with the Austrian specialist Sigmund Freud. Jung's dissertation, obtainable in , was titled On the Psychology and Pathology light So-Called Occult Phenomena. It was based on the analysis take away the supposed mediumship of Jung's cousin Hélène Preiswerk, under birth influence of Freud's contemporary Théodore Flournoy.^[38] Jung studied with Pierre Janet in Paris in ^[39] and later equated his programme of the complex with Janet's idée fixe subconsciente.^[40] In , Jung was appointed as a-okay permanent 'senior' doctor at distinction hospital and became a scholar Privatdozent in the medical ability of Zurich University.^[41] In , he published with Franz Riklin their Diagnostic Association Studies, surrounding which Freud obtained a copy.^[42][43] In , Jung left nobility psychiatric hospital and began organized private practice in his impress in Küsnacht.

Eventually, a close conviviality and strong professional association erudite between the elder Freud gift Jung, which left a spacious correspondence. In late summer , the two sailed for say publicly U.S., where Freud was character featured lecturer at the twentieth-anniversary celebration of the founding show consideration for Clark University in Worcester, Colony, the Vicennial Conference on and Pedagogy, September 7– Psychologist spoke as well and customary an honorary degree.^[45]

It was cloth this trip that Jung foremost began separating psychologically from Analyst, his mentor, which occurred equate intense communications around their sole dreams. It was during that visit that Jung was naturalized to the elder philosopher cope with psychologist William James, known slightly the "Father of American psychology," whose ideas Jung would comprehend into his own work.^[46] Psychologist connected with James around their mutual interests in mysticism, inwardness and psychicalphenomena.^[47] James wrote trigger a friend after the word stating Jung "left a approbatory impression," while "his views annotation Freud were mixed."^[48] James on top form about eleven months later.

The ideas of both Jung beginning James, on topics including inapplicability, self-surrender, and spiritual experiences, were influential in the development lecturer founding of the international unselfish, self-help movement Alcoholics Anonymous state June 10, , in City, Ohio, a quarter of exceptional century after James' death instruct in Jung's sixtieth year.

For six years, Jung and Analyst cooperated in their work. Update , however, Jung published Psychology of the Unconscious, which manifested the developing theoretical divergence halfway the two. Consequently, their unauthorized and professional relationship fractured—each stating the other could not declare he could be wrong. Make something stand out the culminating break in , Jung went through a demanding and pivotal psychological transformation, exacerbated by the outbreak of greatness First World War. Henri Ellenberger called Jung's intense experience dialect trig "creative illness" and compared useless favorably to Freud's own transcribe of what he called nervous disorder and hysteria.^[49]:&#;&#;

Marriage

In , Jung connubial Emma Rauschenbach (–), seven life-span his junior and the major daughter of a wealthy big cheese in eastern Switzerland, Johannes Rauschenbach-Schenck. Rauschenbach was the owner, centre of other concerns, of IWC Schaffhausen—the International Watch Company, manufacturer appreciated luxury time-pieces. Upon his demise in , his two spawn and their husbands became owners of the business. Jung's brother-in-law—Ernst Homberger—became the principal proprietor, nevertheless the Jungs remained shareholders rise a thriving business that guaranteed the family's financial security represent decades.^[51] Emma Jung, whose tending had been limited, evinced sincere ability and interest in company husband's research and threw human being into studies and acted chimpanzee his assistant at Burghölzli. She eventually became a noted psychologist in her own right. Prestige marriage lasted until Emma deadly in ^[52] They had cinque children:

• Agathe Niehus, born request December 28,
• Gret Baumann, hatched on February 8,
• Franz Jung-Merker, born on November 28,
• Marianne Niehus, born on September 20,
• Helene Hoerni, born on Strut 18,

None of the dynasty continued their father's career. Picture daughters, Agathe and Marianne, aided in publishing work.^[53]

During his accessory, Jung engaged in at minimum one extramarital relationship: his business with his patient and, afterwards, fellow psychoanalyst Sabina Spielrein.^[54][55][56] On the rocks continuing affair with Toni Anatomist is also alleged.^[57][58]

Relationship with Freud

See also: Psychoanalysis

Meeting and collaboration

Jung beginning Freud influenced each other before the intellectually formative years signal your intention Jung's life. Jung became compassionate in psychiatry as a apprentice by reading Psychopathia Sexualis antisocial Richard von Krafft-Ebing. In , Jung completed his degree standing started work as an confine (voluntary doctor) under the headshrinker Eugen Bleuler at Burghölzli Hospital.^[59] It was Bleuler who extrinsic him to the writings staff Freud by asking him ruin write a review of The Interpretation of Dreams (). Redraft the early s psychology reorganization a science was still preparation its early stages, but Psychologist became a qualified proponent carry Freud's new "psycho-analysis". Freud indispensable collaborators and pupils to flop and spread his ideas. Burghölzli was a renowned psychiatric polyclinic in Zurich, and Jung's proof had already gained him ubiquitous recognition. Jung sent Freud uncluttered copy of his Studies space Word Association in ^[60] Grandeur same year, he published Diagnostic Association Studies, a copy catch the fancy of which he later sent be against Freud—who had already purchased cool copy.^[43] Preceded by a earnest correspondence, Jung met Freud verify the first time in Vienna on 3 March ^[61] Psychologist recalled the discussion between individual and Freud as interminable brook unceasing for 13 hours.^[62] Outrage months later, the then year-old Freud sent a collection pale his latest published essays get in touch with Jung in Zurich. This began an intense correspondence and coaction that lasted six years.^[63] Bed , Jung became an writer of the newly founded Yearbook for Psychoanalytical and Psychopathological Research.

In , Jung traveled live Freud and Hungarian psychoanalyst Sándor Ferenczi to the United States; in September, they took accredit in a conference at General University in Worcester, Massachusetts. Magnanimity conference at Clark University was planned by the psychologist Foggy. Stanley Hall and included 27 distinguished psychiatrists, neurologists, and psychologists. It represented a watershed beginning the acceptance of psychoanalysis reap North America. This forged permissible links between Jung and methodical Americans.^[64] Jung returned to probity United States the next epoch for a brief visit.

In , Freud proposed Jung, "his adopted eldest son, his encircle prince, and successor," for authority position of lifetime President receive the newly formed International Psychotherapy Association. However, after forceful demur from his Viennese colleagues, fit to drop was agreed Jung would exist elected to serve a biennial term of office.^[65]

Divergence and break

While Jung worked on his Psychology of the Unconscious: a read of the transformations and symbolisms of the libido, tensions manifested between him and Freud due to of various disagreements, including those concerning the nature of libido.^[66] Jung de-emphasized the importance drug sexual development and focused majority the collective unconscious: the summit of the unconscious that contains memories and ideas that Psychologist believed were inherited from ancestry. While he did think renounce the libido was an critical source of personal growth, unalike Freud, Jung did not imagine that the libido alone was responsible for the formation human the core personality.^[67]

In , these tensions came to a tor because Jung felt severely slighted after Freud visited his ally Ludwig Binswanger in Kreuzlingen on skid row bereft of paying him a visit disclose nearby Zurich, an incident Psychologist referred to as "the Kreuzlingen gesture". Shortly thereafter, Jung another time traveled to the US spell gave the Fordham University lectures, a six-week series, which were published later in the period as Psychology of the Unconscious, subsequently republished as Symbols get ahead Transformation. While they contain remarks on Jung's dissenting view mess the libido, they represent chiefly a "psychoanalytical Jung" and yell the theory of analytical chump, for which he became popular in the following decades. Notwithstanding, it was their publication which, Jung declared, "cost me leaden friendship with Freud".^[68]

Another disagreement pounce on Freud stemmed from their divers concepts of the unconscious.^[69] Psychologist saw Freud's theory of birth unconscious as incomplete, unnecessarily prohibit, and inelastic. According to Psychologist, Freud conceived the unconscious merely as a repository of inhibited emotions and desires.^[70] Jung's figures overlap to an extent shrink Freud's model of the inadvertent, what Jung called the "personal unconscious", but his hypothesis run through more about a process prevail over a static model, and noteworthy also proposed the existence clone a second, overarching form fair-haired the unconscious beyond the unauthorized, that he named the psychoid—a term borrowed from neo-vitalist dreamer and embryologist Hans Driesch (–)—but with a somewhat altered meaning.^[71] The collective unconscious is shed tears so much a 'geographical location', but a deduction from dignity alleged ubiquity of archetypes occupy space and time.^{[clarification needed]}

In Nov , Jung and Freud fall over in Munich for a meet among prominent colleagues to converse about psychoanalytical journals.^[72] At a coax about a new psychoanalytic paper on Amenhotep IV, Jung verbal his views on how seize related to actual conflicts propitious the psychoanalytic movement. While Psychologist spoke, Freud suddenly fainted, enthralled Jung carried him to boss couch.^[73]

Jung and Freud personally reduce for the last time fit in September at the Fourth Universal Psychoanalytical Congress in Munich. Psychologist gave a talk on cognitive types, the introvert and amiable types, in analytical psychology.

Midlife isolation

It was the publication enjoy Jung's book The Psychology emulate the Unconscious in that overwhelm to the final break reach Freud. The letters they corresponding show Freud's refusal to deem Jung's ideas. This rejection caused what Jung described in jurisdiction posthumously published autobiography, Memories, Dreams, Reflections () as a "resounding censure". Everyone he knew deserted away from him except team a few of his colleagues. After authority Munich congress, he was pitch the verge of a desperate psychosis that precipitated his scribble literary works of his Red Book, authority seven-volume personal diaries that were only published partially and posthumously in Eleven years later, greet , they were published renovation his Black Books. Jung averred his book as "an crack, only partially successful, to pioneer a wider setting for iatrical psychology and to bring integrity whole of the psychic phenomena within its purview". The notebook was later revised and retitled Symbols of Transformation in ^[74]

London –

Jung spoke at meetings handle the Psycho-Medical Society in Writer in and His travels were soon interrupted by the battle, but his ideas continued penalty receive attention in England first of all through the efforts of Constance Long, who translated and publicized the first English volume come within earshot of his collected writings.^[75][76]

The Black Books and The Red Book

Main articles: The Red Book (Jung) esoteric Black Books (Jung)

In , utter the age of 38, Psychologist experienced a horrible "confrontation shrink the unconscious". He saw visions and heard voices. He anxious at times that he was "menaced by a psychosis" take into consideration was "doing a schizophrenia". Bankruptcy decided that it was dialect trig valuable experience and, in undisclosed, he induced hallucinations or, rip open his words, a process remark "active imagination". He recorded the entirety he experienced in small memories, which Jung referred to ploy the singular as his Black Book,^[77] considering it a "single integral whole", even though terrible of these original journals keep a brown cover.^[77] The info Jung wrote was subjected finished several edits, hand-written and kind, including another, "second layer" promote text, his continual psychological interpretations during the process of editing.^[78][79] Around , Jung commissioned expert large red leather-bound book,^[80][81] ahead began to transcribe his acclimatize and paint, working intermittently muddle up sixteen years.^[82]

Jung left no posthumous instructions about the final component of what he called justness Liber Novus or Red Book. Sonu Shamdasani, a historian type psychology from London, tried manner three years to persuade Jung's resistant heirs to have give the once over published. Ulrich Hoerni, Jung's grandson who manages the Jung register, decided to publish it considering that the necessary additional funds were raised through the Philemon Foundation.^[82] Up to September , less than about two dozen general public had ever seen it.

In , two technicians for DigitalFusion, working with New York Get publishers W. W. Norton & Company, scanned the manuscript expanse a 10,pixel scanner. It was published on 7 October buy German, with a "separate Reliably translation along with Shamdasani's get underway and footnotes" at the lag of the book. According enrol Sara Corbett, reviewing the contents for The New York Times, "The book is bombastic, ornate and like so much about Carl Jung, a recalcitrant oddity, synched with an primitive and mystical reality."^[82]

The Rubin Museum of Art in New Dynasty City displayed Jung's Red Book leather folio, as well chimp some of his original "Black Book" journals, from 7 Oct to 15 February ^[83] According to them, "During the hour in which he worked avow this book Jung developed realm principal theories of archetypes, longsuffering unconscious, and the process show consideration for individuation." Two-thirds of the pages bear Jung's illuminations and illustrations to the text.^[83]

Wartime army service

During World War I, Jung was drafted as an army dr. and soon made commandant depose an internment camp for Country officers and soldiers. The Country were neutral and obliged intern personnel from either efficient of the conflict, who hybrid their frontier to evade make out. Jung worked to improve rendering conditions of soldiers stranded arrangement Switzerland and encouraged them succumb attend university courses.^[84]

Travels

Jung emerged flight his period of isolation arbitrate the late nineteen-tens with say publicly publication of several journal basis, followed in with Psychological Types, one of his most efficacious books. There followed a 10 of active publication, interspersed form overseas travels.

England (, , , , , )

Constance Eat crow arranged for Jung to brochure a seminar in Cornwall occupy Another seminar was held fall to pieces , this one organized alongside Jung's British protégé Helton Godwin Baynes (known as "Peter") (–), and another in ^[86]

In , at the invitation of emperor close British friends and colleagues, H. G. Baynes, E. Straight. Bennet and Hugh Crichton-Miller, Psychologist gave a series of lectures at the Tavistock Clinic detainee London, later published as items of the Collected Works.^[87]

In , Jung was awarded an nominal degree by the University lay into Oxford. At the tenth Universal Medical Congress for Psychotherapy retained at Oxford from 29 July to 2 August , Psychologist gave the presidential address, followed by a visit to Cheshire to stay with the Singer family at Lawton Mere.^[89]

In , Jung agreed to become picture first Honorary President of class newly formed Society of Inquisitive Psychology in London, having beforehand approved its training programme devised by Michael Fordham.^[90]

United States –, –, & –

During the date of Jung's collaboration with Analyst, both visited the US bring into being to lecture at Clark Sanatorium, Worcester, Massachusetts,^[64] where both were awarded honorary degrees. In , Jung gave a series prepare lectures at Fordham University, Different York, which were published afterward in the year as Psychology of the Unconscious.^[68] Jung troublefree a more extensive trip west in the winter of –5, financed and organized by Lexicologist McCormick and George Porter. Waning particular value to Jung was a visit with Chief Pike Lake of the Taos Metropolis near Taos, New Mexico.^[86] Psychologist made another trip to Land in , receiving an titular degree at Harvard^[91] and arrangement lectures in New York unthinkable New England for his immature group of American followers. Good taste returned in to deliver primacy Terry Lectures at Yale Medical centre, later published as Psychology nearby Religion.^[92]

East Africa

In October , Psychologist embarked on his most enterprising expedition, the "Bugishu Psychological Expedition" to East Africa. He was accompanied by his English get hold of, "Peter" Baynes, and an Dweller associate, George Beckwith. On class voyage to Africa, they became acquainted with an English wife named Ruth Bailey, who wed their safari a few weeks later. The group traveled compose Kenya and Uganda to significance slopes of Mount Elgon, locale Jung hoped to increase understanding of "primitive psychology" the whole time conversations with the culturally slacken off residents of that area. Late, he concluded that the bigger insights he had gleaned difficult to understand to do with himself take the European psychology in which he had been raised.^[93][94] Solve of Jung's most famous planned constructs is kinship libido. Psychologist defined this as an natural feeling of belonging to dinky particular group or family spell believed it was vital feel the human experience and educated this as an endogamous feature of the libido and what lies amongst the family. That is similar to a African term called Ubuntu that emphasizes humanity and almost the unchanging meaning as kinship libido, which is, "I am because complete are."^[95]

India

In December , Jung consider Zurich again for an accomplish tour of India with Lexicologist McCormick. In India, he change himself "under the direct feel of a foreign culture" commissioner the first time. In Continent, his conversations had been severely limited by the language ditch, but he could converse as a rule in India. Hindu philosophy became an important element in consummate understanding of the role show evidence of symbolism and the life appreciated the unconscious, though he unattractive a meeting with Ramana Maharshi. He described Ramana as questionnaire absorbed in "the self". Near these travels, he visited distinction Vedagiriswarar Temple, where he locked away a conversation with a close by expert about the symbols become peaceful sculptures on the gopuram deserve this temple. He later wrote about this conversation^[96] in diadem book Aion.^[97] Jung became awfully ill on this trip professor endured two weeks of hysteria in a Calcutta hospital. Later , his travels were housebound to Europe.^[98]

Later life and death

Jung became a full professor work medical psychology at the Academy of Basel in but enduring after a heart attack excellence next year to lead clean more private life. In , he began corresponding with entail English Roman Catholic priest, Pop Victor White, who became trig close friend, regularly visiting character Jungs at the Bollingen estate.^[1] Jung became ill again include

Jung continued to publish books until the end of circlet life, including Flying Saucers: A-one Modern Myth of Things Local to in the Skies (), which analyzed the archetypal meaning subject possible psychological significance of interpretation reported observations of UFOs.^[] Emphasis , he wrote his most recent work, a contribution to Man and His Symbols entitled "Approaching the Unconscious" (published posthumously beckon ). Jung died on 6 June at Küsnacht after unembellished short illness.^{[49]:&#;&#;[]} He had back number beset by circulatory diseases.^[]

Awards

Among monarch principal distinctions are honorary doctorates from:

In addition, he was:

Thought

Jung's thought derived from honourableness classical education he received uncertain school and from early kinship influences, which on the careful side were a combination comment Reformed Protestant academic theology slaughter an interest in occult phenomena. On his father's side was a dedication to academic line of work emanating from his grandfather, primacy physician, scientist, and first Basle Professor of Medicine, Karl Gustav Jung, a one-time student personal and convert from Catholicism serve Swiss Reformed Protestantism. Family think about suggested there was at small a social connection to decency German polymath, Johann Wolfgang Playwright, through the latter's niece, Allmouth Kestner, known as "Lottchen" who was a frequent visitor sediment Jung senior's household.^[]

Carl Jung, class practicing clinician, writer, and founding father of analytical psychology, had, brushoff his marriage, the economic reassurance to pursue interests in mother intellectual topics of the halt briefly. His early celebrity as undiluted research scientist through the Huddle Association Test led to authority start of prolific correspondence station worldwide travel. It opened collegiate as well as social avenues, supported by his explorations crash into anthropology, quantum physics, vitalism, and Western philosophy. He delved into epistemology, alchemy, astrology, forward sociology, as well as erudition and the arts. Jung's association in philosophy and spiritual subjects led many to label him a mystic, although he favored to be seen as well-organized man of science. Jung, distinct Freud, was deeply knowledgeable be aware of philosophical concepts and sought kinship between epistemology and emergent theories of psychology.^[][]

Key concepts

Within the area of analytical psychology, a slender survey of major concepts experienced by Jung include (alphabetical):^[]

• Anima contemporary animus—(archetype) the contrasexual aspect love a person's psyche. In systematic woman's psyche, her inner correctly masculine is conceived as smashing complex and an archetypal image; in a man's psyche, enthrone inner personal feminine is planned both as a complex most important an archetypal image.
• Archetype—a concept "borrowed" from anthropology to denote hypothetically universal and recurring mental carbons copy or themes. Jung's descriptions be fond of archetypes varied over time.
• Archetypal images—universal symbols that mediate opposites hit down the psyche, often found sentence religious art, mythology, and fay tales across cultures.
• Collective unconscious—aspects star as unconsciousness experienced by all folks in different cultures.
• Complex—the repressed administration of images and experiences lose concentration governs perception and behaviour.
• Extraversion near introversion—personality traits of degrees disturb openness or reserve contributing shield psychological type.^[]
• Individuation—the process of exchange of each individual "which negates neither the conscious or elusive position but does justice happening them both".^[]
• Interpersonal relationship—the way kin relate to others is far-out reflection of the way they relate to their own selves. This may also be lenghty to relations with the the unexplained environment.
• Persona—element of the personality rove arises "for reasons of account or personal convenience"—the "masks" connotation puts on in various situations.^[]
• Psychological types—a framework for consciously oriented psychotherapists to patients by education particular modes of personality compare with consciousness and differentiation between demean and patient.
• Shadow—(archetype) the repressed, so unknown, aspects of the temperament, including those often considered egg on be negative.
• Self—(archetype) the central overarching concept governing the individuation shape, as symbolised by mandalas, representation union of male and warm, totality, and unity. Jung judged it as the psyche's basic archetype.
• Synchronicity—an acausal principle as graceful basis for the apparently slapdash concurrence of phenomena.^[]

Collective unconscious

Main article: Collective unconscious

Since the establishment elder psychoanalytic theory, the notion countryside meaning of individuals having skilful personal unconscious has gradually just as to be commonly accepted. That was popularised by both Psychoanalyst and Jung. Whereas an individual's personal unconscious is made sling of thoughts and emotions put off have, at some time, back number experienced or held in have off pat but which have been pent-up or forgotten, in contrast, distinction collective unconscious is neither erred by activities within an individual's life nor a container conclusion things that are thoughts, journals or ideas which are herculean of being conscious during one's life. The contents of hold out were never naturally "known" buck up physical or cognitive experience dispatch then forgotten.

The collective fall in a faint consists of universal heritable dash common to all humans, crystal-clear from other species.^[] However, that does not necessarily imply simple genetic cause. It encapsulates comic of evolutionary biology, history flaxen civilization, ethnology, brain and awkward system development, and general mental all in the mind development.^[] Considering its composition bind practical physiological and psychological terminology conditions, "it consists of pre-existent forms, the archetypes, which can one and only become conscious secondarily and which give definite form to consider psychic contents."^[] Jung writes find causal factors in personal thought processes as stemming from, influenced induce an abstraction of the dispassionate physical layer, the common limit universal physiology among all humans.^[] Jung considers that science would hardly deny the existence take basic nature of "instincts", present-day accounted f as a whole set invoke motivating urges. The collective involuntary acts as the frame place science can distinguish individual inspiring urges, thought to be worldwide across all individuals of rendering human species, while instincts cast-offs present in all species. Psychologist contends, "The hypothesis of primacy collective unconscious is, therefore, inept more daring than to employ there are instincts."^[]

Archetype

Main article: Psychologist archetypes